Definition of Teaching

Teaching is a systematic plan to achieve a learning objective. Teaching process is the activity that occur in the class include how to teacher application the material and technique and also how is the interaction happen among teacher and students the purpose is to make someone understand. Brown define teaching is an activity which helping someone to learn something, giving instructions, guiding in the study of something, providing with knowledge, making someone to know or understand of something.

Every individual has his own perspective in learning; one factor, which makes divergence, is the methods of teaching used by their professors, which are categorized generally into four types. Those methods are the Teacher Centered Method, Content Method, Learner Centered Method and Participative Method.

a.  Teacher/instructor-centered involves the teachers’ action to create a learning environment that encourages positive social interaction, active engagement in learning, and self-motivation. Teacher-centered instruction includes teaching strategies "in which the teacher's role is to present the knowledge to be learned and to direct, in a rather explicit manner, the learning process of the students.

b.  In content-focused teaching methods, both the teacher and the learners have to fit into the content that is taught. Generally, this means the information and skills to be taught are regarded as sacrosanct or very important. A lot of emphasis is laid on the clarity and careful analyses of content. Both the teacher and the learners cannot alter or become critical of anything to do with the content. Content-Focused Coaching is a professional development model designed to promote student learning and achievement by having a coach and a teacher work jointly in specific settings, guided by conceptual tools

c.  Learner-centered teaching is a teaching, which is focused on learning – what the students are doing, is the central concern of the teacher. It is the teaching that encourages collaboration, acknowledging the classroom (be it virtual or real) as a community where everyone shares the learning agenda. The benefits of learner-centered education include increased motivation for learning and greater satisfaction with school; these outcomes lead to a greater academic achievement.

d.  The last type of the teaching method is the participatory/interactive method. Participatory method is driven by the situational analysis of what is the most appropriate thing for us to learn/do now given the situation of learners and the teacher. The used of teaching methods produces a variety of results. It may be strong and effective in one case, may be weak and harmful in another case. Experience shows that this kind of result in possible if the teacher’s exigency and convenience

Definition of Vocabulary and Importance of Vocabulary

Vocabulary is one of the materials studied by students of all level of schools in Indonesia. Vocabulary is more than a list of words, and although the size of one’s vocabulary matters, it knows how to use it which matters most. In other hand, vocabulary has well known as the knowledge of words and word meanings. Thus, it can be stated that we use vocabulary to refer to the kind of words that students must know to read text with comprehension.

According to Nation Vocabulary, there are two kinds of vocabulary, namely productive/active vocabulary and receptive/passive vocabulary. Student understands well, can pronounce correctly and use those words in speaking and writing, we call it active vocabulary. On the other hand, student can recognize and understand when they are reading or listening someone, but they do not use the words in speaking or in writing, we call it passive vocabulary.

The Partnership for Reading has used the following three levels to describe students’ knowledge for word meanings.
a.  Unknown: The word is completely unfamiliar and its meaning is unknown.
b.  Acquainted: The word is somewhat familiar; the student has some idea of its basic meaning.
c.  Established: The word is very familiar; the student can immediately recognize its meaning and use the word correctly.

Important of Vocabulary
Vocabulary is the basic component for students who want mastering language. They will easy to learn and practice that language if they have enough vocabulary. Contrary, students cannot write a word or make sentence without it. Developing a good vocabulary will help student to improve their speaking, listening, writing and reading skills.

According to Dian Novitasari vocabulary is very useful to understand other people idea and explain easily. The others advantages from vocabulary are:
a.  By creating language-rich learning environments where interesting, unusual, useful, emotional,  controversial, and difficult words are noticed and celebrated, students become more attuned to language and accustomed to using sophisticated and academic language.
b.  Learning new vocabulary through context also helps the student understand the word’s correct usage and prevents students from making sentences from dictionary.

Those advantages show us about the correlation between vocabulary and students ability to build communication use certain language. In the same case, Thomburrystated, “Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed”. In other word, even without grammar listener will be able to understand what are speaker mean, without vocabulary speaker cannot express their idea and listeners cannot understand what speaker mean. The more words we know the easier for us to make communication.

Writing Definition

Writing is a process of communicating a writer’s idea to the readers in written form. The primary role of writing is expressing the ideas and conveying the message. In expressing the ideas, a writer should explore their thought to make readers' interest in their writing. It makes the readers understand the messages clearly.

At the end of the writing process, the writer will produce a product of writing. It will be as the form of an essay, a paper or a story. Carino stated that writing can be taught in two ways; as a thing and as an activity. A product is important because it can communicate the writer purposes and the message to the readers clearly.  To have a good product of writing, the writer should have a good process of writing. The writer should have a good plan and a clear purpose to make the readers understand the message.

Besides that, every writer has different purposes of writing. According to Laurel, there are six purposes of writing. The first is writing to explain or inform. In this kind of writing, the writers should know concretely and clearly about what information they want to inform, for example, writing an announcement or an article. The second is writing to persuade. It is usually has related to an advertisement. In this kind of writing, the writer must use the interesting words to catch the customer‟s attention.

The third is writing at school. It means that the writing that used to answer the essay question from the test of their examination. The fourth is business writing. In the business writing, the writer should focus in formal language, for example, writing a formal letter. The fifth is social writing. It is a social relationship, for example the letter between friends a nd the content is informal.

The last is artful writing. It is writing as one part of the art, for example, writing novels or short stories. Therefore, it can be concluded that the writers should know the purposes of their writing and the goal of the writing. The writers should also know who their readers will be.

In addition, in the process of learning a language, writing is one of the skills that should be mastered by the students. According to Hogue writing can and should be a simulating and challenging activity central to all learning and development. 4 From the writing process, the student will learn how to express their ideas and develop it into a good writing product.

Besides that, Herrel et al stated that writing activity involves some aspect of language in which the students are expected to employ all their background knowledge before starting to write. In writing activities, the students should explore their indirect language. The students should use their background knowledge to help them in writing. The background knowledge means the information that they have learned.

Hogue viewed that for the students, writing is a way to demonstrate their understanding and interpretation of concept and theory studies during the learning process. It means that writing is a form of the students‟ understanding about the lesson that they have learnt. From writing, the teacher can assess their students‟ knowledge and interpretation about the lesson.

There are some steps in writing that is planning, drafting, edit ing and final draft. The first is planning. It is a very important step. In this step, the writers decide the topic to select depending on the purposes of the writers itself. Then, the writers brainstorm their ideas about all things that are related to the topic and take notes about the ideas. The last, the writers make outlining of their writing to take the main points and sub points in the order in which writers plan write about them.

The second is drafting. The writers begin to write and the outline will be guided for the writers to write in the writing process. The writers should develop their ideas in the paragraph. The paragraph should be coherent between one with another.

The third is editing. The writers edit their draft to improve the content and the style of their writing to make it more interesting and readable. In the editing process, the writers should check their writing. When writers edit their draft, they will make some changes. They often add a whole paragraph or more, take out one or more paragraphs, change the order of paragraph, add or take out whole sentences, rewrite the sentences, change the vocabularies and so on.

The last is final draft. This step is very important in the writing process. In this step, the writer should rewrite the ir draft. The writer should take attention to detail of all words, sentences and paragraphs. It is the final paper of the writers writing and the result of the writing process.

Definition of Dictation

Paul Nation describe that dictation as a technique where the learners receive some spoken input, hold this in their memory for a short time, and then writer what they heard. Dictation can be assessments tool to measure students’ understanding in spelling and the meaning of a word, it means that dictation most effective when it involves known vocabulary.

Dictation is used to evaluate most of the aspects of language: grammar, oral communication, pronunciation, and listening comprehension. Its main purpose is to check the proficiency of the students about the language being learned such grammatical mistakes, it ensures attentive listening and trains students to distinguish sound, helps learning punctuation and develops aural comprehension. It means that when students do dictation test, they do not only pay attention to the sound of the words but also understand about the meaning of that words, so that the student will be able to apply those words in new sentences.

Writing Ability Definition

Ability is the quality of somebody. It can be a natural or acquired skill of being able to do something. Writing ability is a skill or quality of someone to explore their ideas or concept to communicate it with somebody else through signs or symbols in written form.

To have ability in writing, writers should keep practicing to be a successful writer. John stated there are two ways to be successful at writing skill. 9 They should realize that writing is a work. Then they should realize that writing will help them to discover their ideas.

The first, writers have to understand that writing is a work. The writers may feel at those times that they cannot think anything to write. The writers have a lack of ideas which make them do not interest to continue their writing. They are also not confident of thei r writing product. They may feel that their writing is bad and nobody wants to read their writing. It makes them depressed. To solve these problems, the writers should understand that they will not always be inspired to write. The writers should do it whet her they want or not. It makes the writer motivated to practice more in writing.

The second, the writers should realize that the act of writing will help them to discover their ideas. In writing, the writer can explore their mind about what they want to say. They will find more ideas and know better about their thoughts. It also will help them to make a readable product to the readers.

In addition, a writing skill also covers all aspects that have a relation in writing; the writer, the process, the product and the reader. Lannon stated that a good writer should make a reader as the first concern. The writer should know the readers of their writing, including their level of understanding. It will help the writer to adapt their writing product with the readers.

Therefore, writers should make their writing product readable for the readers. According to Peter & Megan there are some factors to make writing more readable. First of all, the writer should know the knowledge of the reader. It will help the writers to choose the appropriate vocabularies and organize the text. Then, the writer should make paragraphs that are logically structured. It means that the writer should state a central idea and a clear chronology of events. The writers should also make all of the sentences clear, concise and fluent. The writing should re-arrange the word order to be informative and easy to read. Furthermore, the writer should choose words carefully. The chosen words should keep the language simple.

In the school context, readers of students‟ writing are their teacher and their friend. It makes them choose simple vocabularies and clear writing. The students should do more practice to have good writing ability. Ability in writing is useful for students in learning English. The students should use a standard written English and demonstrate an understanding of the intended audience to communicate a clear message.

Furthermore, the benefit of having ability in writing is good for the students‟ future because in the modern era the people are connected with each other in the whole world indirectly, for examples, e-mails or letters. That is why there are many jobs that need people with good writing.

Self Efficacy Definition

The early framework of self efficacy comes from Albert Bandura. Albert Bandura defined self efficacy as personal judgment of one’s capabilities to organize and execute courses of action in design of academic. He also added that self efficacy will lead people to attempt things that they believe that they can accomplish and they won’t attempt things that they think they will fail. Klaus A. Schneewind defined self efficacy as cognitive variables on competence belief. Matthias Jerusalem and Waldemar Mittag stated that self efficacy is not about domain-specific cognition, but it is about general sense someone’s capabilities to master different types of enviroment demands. Hence, it can be concluded that self efficacy is about one own’s capability.

Self efficacy in education is related with perceiving self efficacy in academic. Perceived self efficacy in academic is about someone’s judgement on their capability to organize and execute courses of action to achieve designated types of educational performance. On educational development, perceived self efficacy is about how efficacy affect student’s motivation to learn, to effort in execute task and student’s achievement. Thus, it can be concluded that perceived self efficacy is about educational performance and it also effect on their learning motivation, effort and their education’s achievement.

Actually, self efficacy influence level of effort, persistence and choice of activities. Thus, Bandura also stated that someone who has high self efficacy, they will execute difficult tasks as challenging tasks that will be mastered rather than they avoid the tasks. 5 Students with high sense of efficacy, they will participate more readily, work harder and persist longer when encounter difficulties task. 6 Then, someone who has low self efficacy will avoid difficult task. 7 Indeed, someone with high self efficacy will be more challenging to execute difficult task and someone with low self efficacy are lack of challenging in execute difficult task.

According to Albert Bandura, there are four factors which are influenced self efficacy which describe as follow:
1. Mastery Experience
Mastery experience occur when someone attempts to do something and are successful. Thus, we master from the experience. Mastery experience is as the strongest way in buildup self efficacy because people are most likely to believe that they can do something new if it is similar to something that they have already done before.

2. Vicarious Experience
Vicarious experience is happening by looking at other people who did the same thing with you, so it will occur if you look at people who did same thing with you and they are successfully execute the thing and it will increase your self efficacy, but if you look at someone who did same thing with you and they are failure and it will make you have same perception of it and it will decrease your self efficacy.

3. Verbal Persuasion
Verbal persuasion occurs when someone is persuaded verbally that they can achieve or master a task, then they more likely to do the task well, but if people are said that they do not have ability to accomplish the task, they will give up to accomplish the task.

4. Emotional States
Emotional state occurs when someone think that they likely cannot accomplish a task and it will be happened if people think about negative think while they accomplish the task. Stress and anxiety are as big fear and it will affect someone’s self efficacy, but anxiety and stress will not affect to someone’s self- efficacy if they interpret their stress as positive, such as they think that if I’m getting nervous, I will not be success to this task.

In factors influencing self efficacy in second language acquisition, there are also some other factors which is regarding to other research. The research is regarding self efficacy in second/ foreign language learning. The factors are also as new findings in the research. Saeid Raoofi, Bee Hoon Tan and Swee Heng Chan research found new factors affected learners’ self- efficacy. They found that learners’ interest, knowledge in the content area, positive feedback from others, social and cultural context, task difficulty, classroom climate, confident, comfort due to learning process are affected learner’s self efficacy. By the new findings in factors influencing self efficacy, this research probably have the new finding in factors influencing self efficacy which as same as the research of Saeid Raoofi, Bee Hoon Tan and Swee Heng Chan.

Public Speaking Definition

As Lisa Shraiber, Ph.D. stated that public speaking is presenting speech through formal way in a public. She continued her statement by saying that public speaking is not only about speaking in a public, but it is also about how you make your audience remember and understand what you have said. Being professional in your job, you must be able to speak and communicate with others well since it leads you to have qualities in your job. Therefore, public speaking is performing speaking in public through formal way, but the speaker must be able to make the audience understand with the material which deliver by the speaker.

Based on Discovering the treasure of public speaking book, there are five types of public speaking:
1. Impromptu Speech Impromptu speech is a form of speech where the speech is delivered by no preparation, but it should be delivered in the same manner as a prepared speech. impromptu speech involves the writer to write speech text at the time when the writer will deliver their speech.
2. Prepared Speech Prepared speech is a form of speech where the speech is well prepared and it is purpose to persuade and to inform the reader about topic that based on speaker’s interest and experience.
3. Demonstration Demonstration is presenting an idea with visual aids which is purpose to teach the audience.
4. Presentation Presentation is giving information or giving insight about a topic in an auditorium.
5. Reports Report is a form of giving report about something that has been done, such as committee